role Numeric { ... }

Common role for numbers and types that can act as numbers.

Binary numeric operations return an object of the "wider" type:

Int         narrowest
Rat
FatRat
Num
Complex     widest

So for example the product of a Rat and an Int is a Rat.

Unary operations that in pure math usually return an irrational number generally return Num in Raku.

Methods

method Numeric

Defined as:

multi method Numeric(Numeric:D: --> Numeric:D)
multi method Numeric(Numeric:U: --> Numeric:D)

The :D variant simply returns the invocant. The :U variant issues a warning about using an uninitialized value in numeric context and then returns self.new.

method narrow

method narrow(Numeric:D --> Numeric:D)

Returns the number converted to the narrowest type that can hold it without loss of precision.

say (4.0 + 0i).narrow.raku;     # OUTPUT: «4␤» 
say (4.0 + 0i).narrow.^name;    # OUTPUT: «Int␤»

method ACCEPTS

multi method ACCEPTS(Numeric:D: $other)

Returns True if $other can be coerced to Numeric and is numerically equal to the invocant (or both evaluate to NaN).

routine log

multi sub    log(Numeric:D, Numeric $base = e --> Numeric:D)
multi method log(Numeric:D: Numeric $base = e --> Numeric:D)

Calculates the logarithm to base $base. Defaults to the natural logarithm. Returns NaN if $base is negative. Throws an exception if $base is 1.

routine log10

multi sub    log10(Numeric:D  --> Numeric:D)
multi method log10(Numeric:D: --> Numeric:D)

Calculates the logarithm to base 10. Returns NaN for negative arguments and -Inf for 0.

routine log2

multi sub    log2(Numeric:D)
multi method log2(Numeric:D:)

Calculates the logarithm to base 2. Returns NaN for negative arguments and -Inf for 0.

routine exp

multi sub    exp(Numeric:D, Numeric:D $base = e --> Numeric:D)
multi method exp(Numeric:D: Numeric:D $base = e --> Numeric:D)

Returns $base to the power of the number, or e to the power of the number if called without a second argument.

method roots

multi method roots(Numeric:D: Int:D $n --> Positional)

Returns a list of the $n complex roots, which evaluate to the original number when raised to the $nth power.

routine abs

multi sub    abs(Numeric:D  --> Real:D)
multi method abs(Numeric:D: --> Real:D)

Returns the absolute value of the number.

routine sqrt

multi sub    sqrt(Numeric:D --> Numeric:D)
multi method sqrt(Numeric:D --> Numeric:D)

Returns a square root of the number. For real numbers the positive square root is returned.

On negative real numbers, sqrt returns NaN rather than a complex number, in order to not confuse people who are not familiar with complex arithmetic. If you want to calculate complex square roots, coerce to Complex first, or use the roots method.

method conj

multi method conj(Numeric:D --> Numeric:D)

Returns the complex conjugate of the number. Returns the number itself for real numbers.

method Bool

multi method Bool(Numeric:D:)

Returns False if the number is equivalent to zero, and True otherwise.

method succ

method succ(Numeric:D:)

Returns the number incremented by one (successor).

method pred

method pred(Numeric:D:)

Returns the number decremented by one (predecessor).

Type Graph